Pile driving noise induces transient gait disruptions in the longfin squid (Doryteuthis pealeii)

Anthropogenic noise is now a prominent pollutant increasing in both terrestrial and marine environments. In the ocean, proliferating offshore windfarms, key renewable energy source, are concern, as their pile driving construction among most intense anthropogenic sound sources. Yet, across taxa, there little information of impacts on organismal fine-scale movement despite its link to individual fitness. Here, we experimentally quantified swimming behavior an abundant squid species ( Doryteuthis pealeii ) vital commercial ecological importance response situ activity multiple temporal spatial scales (thus exposed differing received levels, or noise-doses). Pile induced energetically costly alarm-jetting behaviors (69%) individuals at levels (in zero peak) 112-123 dB re 1 µm s -2 , similar those measured kilometer scale from some wind farm areas. No responses were found comparison site with lower levels. Persistence pattern changes during noise-induced alarm responses, metric addressing energetic effects, lasted up 14 significantly shorter duration than caused by natural conspecific interactions. Despite observing dramatic behavioral initial noise, was no evidence gait over experiment day. These results demonstrate that disrupts movements, but short-lived suggesting windfarm may minimally impact energetics this ecologically taxon. However, further work needed assess potential physiological higher